Preheat the oven to 425°F (220°C). Grease a 9×13-inch baking dish and prepare a rimmed sheet pan.
Toss potatoes with 1 tablespoon oil, salt, and pepper. Spread in one layer and roast for 18–22 minutes, turning once at 12 minutes, until lightly browned with slight resistance inside.
Brown chicken sausage in the remaining tablespoon of oil over medium-high heat for 7–9 minutes, until no pink remains and the largest pieces reach 165°F (74°C). Transfer with a slotted spoon. Cook onion and pepper in the same skillet for 5–7 minutes until softened and dry, then add spinach for 1–2 minutes until wilted.
Reduce oven to 375°F (190°C). Layer potatoes, sausage, and vegetables in the baking dish, then sprinkle 1 cup of cheddar over the top.
Whisk eggs, milk, garlic powder, paprika, thyme, salt, and pepper for 45–60 seconds. Pour over the filling, press any exposed spinach under the surface, and top with the remaining ½ cup cheddar.
Bake uncovered for 32–38 minutes, until the center reaches 160°F (71°C) and no longer ripples. Rest for 10 minutes, add chives, and cut into 8 portions.